Nasca - Peru
The famous Nasca Lines
The real meaning of the famous Nasca-Lines and geoglyphs is unknown. Although a relation with astronomy and rituals seems plausible; attempts to connect the lines from ray-centres to the rising and setting of planets and stars have not been succesful. Many theories on the possible meaning of the geoglyphs, raycentres and lines have been proposed throughout the years but the real meaning remains uncertain.
Because of the religious nature of the Cahuachi ceremonial centre, near the Nasca-lines, we might expect a tied relation between astronomy and religion. It is the German mathematician Maria Reiche who made the first attempts to relate the Nasca Lines to astronomical observations. She is also responsible for the protection of the Nasca-Palpa area by local authorities and UNESCO. In 1995 the area became a UNESCO Worldheritage site.
Halley's Comet and the past
I believe the importance of Halley's Comet in religion has been totally overlooked because it is generally believed that the periodicity of this comet has been noticed first by Edmund Halley. But does it make sense? Halley's Comet, our most famoust comet is returning for nearly 175.000 years! Every 75/76 years! And humans discover its periodicity not until the eighteenth century??? Come on... I find this very hard to believe and I have found proof that its periodicity was already known in France around 14.000 BC.
The inevitable truth is that the periodicity of Halley's Comet was already known since the time the first rituals developed, perhaps around 30.000 BC, and its apparitions have since long accompanied the intellectual development of the human brain. It is the expected return of this extra-terrestrial, this alien visitor, that might have accelarated the believe in the existance of a soul and, because of its returning nature, in its immortality.
In the Old World the paintings of the bulls and horses (and other hairy or horned animals as well) in Lascaux Cave, France can be considered very ancient metaphors for the apparition of Halley's Comet. The paintings in Lascaux Cave, a very early temple, have been made about 15.000-14.000 BC and, besides the awesome animal-paintings a deceased man can be seen threathened by a feracious bull. It is not so difficult to understand why these wallpaintings have been painted in the darkness of caves. The darkness itself can be considered a metaphor for the blackness of the universe. A burning torch would be needed to lighten the cave and one of the metaphors for Halley's Comet is 'burning torch'. So the burning torch, as the comet seems to be burning when it orbits the fiery sun, coming from the black universe might have been used by the early cavepainters to express their religious ideas.
If Halley's Comet has been indeed involved in the religious life of these early hunter-gatherers why shouldn't Nasca, and earlier South-American civilisations, share the same roots? It is a wellknown fact that the Chinchorro mummies found in northern Chili and southern Peru express very early believes in the afterlife and immortality of the soul.
That's why I think the awaiting of Halley's Comet, as being a kind of 'Lord' or 'King' voor the Nasca-society, might have been the main issue here. Halley's Comet orbiting the sun: what an impressive event must it have been! Its magnificent tails shining like a white hair in the wind.
Predicting the next apparition of the 'King's Soul'
The greatest achievement on ancient astronomy is, in my opinion, being able to foretell the next apparition of Halley's Comet. In my view the periodicity of our brightest comet was already known from very early times. The comet returns about every 75/76 years and religious communities might have been able to observe the position of heavenly bodies when it returned. Therefore ancient astronomers would have needed a spot where long term measurements could be made. The excellent conditions of the soil (any line drawn in the Nasca-Palpa pampa will remain visible for thousands of years!) in combination with the dry climate and the great views, of the area, seem to have been perfect for this goal. But not only the Genius Loci of this place but also the orbit of Halley's Comet itself provides excellent conditions to choose Nasca as an nature-made observatory,On the Southern hemisphere apparitions of Halley's Comet remains longer visible than on the Northern hemisphere; due to its tilted orbit. Thanks to its tilted orbit it seems to have been possible for ancient skywatchers to registrate its highest position in the sky; lucky for us for this particular day is also the day of perihelion passage of the comet.
This circumstance makes it possible to compare the direction of axes of ancient temple complexes, penetrating sunlight, unusual shadows (for instance the shadows of the white tenon-heads in Tiwanaku seem to provide 'long beards' on the templewalls when the sun passed over on particular days and might have become known as 'the bearded white gods of Tiwanaku) with the known calculated days of past perihelion passages of Halley's Comet.
Halley's Comet is, in my opinion, intensely related to the roots of religion. In fact I believe religion is comet-based: the returning comet inspired people to believe in the Afterlife and they might have looked at the shining translucent tail of the bright comet as being the (returning) soul of the King of Heaven. Therefore (the 'life' of) ancient Kings and Kingdoms are, in my opinion, part of a religious concept based on ancient metaphors of the comet involving metaphors such as: the beard, the sceptor, the crown (sunrise), the throne ascension (when the comet reached its highest point in the morning sky), the horse (because the comet had a hairy appearance) or a sword (because sometimes the comet had the shape of a sword or dagger). Because of the interchangeable nature of metaphors, all referring to the same celestial event, the real origin of religion remained in the dark.
Taking photographs
In 1999 I visited Nasca, rented a plane for one hour, flew around and took photographs just like any other tourist. I had the pilot fly over a remarkable geometrical spot that has been photographed and published by the Swiss author Erich von Danicken. Afterwards I was able to reach this spot on the ground (it was close to the Pan American Highway) and I measured the geometrical design ("The Nasca diagrams"). My conclusion: the diagrams, consisting of lines and small stones, may be ancient but the tiny wooden sticks in it certainly where not as I had a small piece C-14 analyzed by the University of Groningen. The wooden sticks showed evidence of reparation as if somebody looked after the geometrical design.
Later I learned that there has been, in the past and probably instituted by the Inca-society, some kind of a 'looking after' tradition of huaca's (sacred spots) by family clans. The ritual of care-taking of this particular huaca by replacing the broken sticks to newer ones might have ended when Maria Reiche 'The Lady of the Lines' took care of the Nasca-Palpa lines and geoglyps. If this has been the case, of which I don't have proof, than we might consider this particular spot, just outside the Nasca-Palpa area, as being a kind of 'conclusion', a testimony of ancient wisdom, on the returns of Halley's Comet.
I always felt the Nasca Diagrams where ancient and not recent, although I have no idea when they have been made, and and an astronomer once told me the diagrams, especially the big one, showed a kind of effort to relate the position of the moon with the ecliptic plane (?). He also told be to look for the diagram in the book 'Ancient Geometry' written by Tons Brunes. I have not been able to do so for I haven't been able to buy this book for a reasonable price.
An ancient searoute?
It is commonly believed and accepted is that Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas in the fifthteenth century. But there are many indications that contacts between Asia and South-America existed in earlier periods as well. Some examples of these pre-Columbian relations are: the finding of the Fuenta Magna bowl, the Pokotia inscriptions, the terracottas found in Ecuador and Mexico by Alexander von Wuthenau showing semetic, (pre) hittite, negroid features, a possible relation between Japan and the Americas by the (pre) Jõmon people (see also the American continent connection in the Ainu People) and so on.
It obviously was possible for several cultures to reach the Americas from the continent of Asia by sailing or peddling.
My opinion on Nasca is that even Irish sailors (priests-astronomers) discovered or re-discovered Nasca when they tried to sail around the world.They might have reached the continent of South America from Asia by a narrow chain of (small) islands that allowed them to reach the Americas.
My wife discovered a chain of islands when I was busy to drill small holes in an earth globe. I sticked red-headed needles in the holes to mark ancient sites. Using Graham Hancock's 'Heavens Mirror' and several books an archaeology I marked in this manner all the islands in the Pacific Ocean where strange unexplained stone and coral constructions have been found. The needles where on more or less regular distances all the way from the continent of Asia to the continent of South America. Where the needles where missing I was able, on some occasions, to foretell the islands where ancient stone-constructions might be found. It seemed to me, when I executed this experiment back in the nineties of the past century, that there seems to have been a kind of ancient sea-route between Asia and South America that might explain the presence of Old-world astronomers in Nasca in megalithic times. These islands included (among others) Easter Island (Rapa Nui), Nan Madol and Pitcairn.
Stonecircles , Gobleki Tepe and a Nasca-Gobleki Tepe relation?
It is not very wellknown by a great audience but around Nasca many ancient stonecircles have been found as wel (1). Stonecircles are, as we might notice from similar sites in Europe and Asia, related to astronomy and timekeeping. Now, anyone familiar with the knowledge of the fact that the return of Halley's Comet seems have been related to the orbit of planet Jupiter (on every third return of Halley's Comet Jupiter can be found in the constellation of Lion (Leo), near Regulus) and familiar with the orbital period of Saturn might have calculated the year when Saturn and Jupiter joined Regulus in this ancient 'katti' constellation.
As I have suggested earlier the oldest knowledge on the periodicity of Halley's Comet can be found in Lascaux Cave (ca. 14.000 BC) in France but knowledge on the periodicity of our most famous comet might even be older. The first indications that knowledge on 'every third return of Halley's Comet is related to the same background of stars and the orbit of Jupiter' can be found in Gobleki Tepe (2). On an early temple site several images of lions have been found in the company of possible metaphors of Halley's Comet such as the Lizzard ('looses its tail when threatened') and birds. Also the tail of an animal is depicted in three different stages expressing 'movement'. A remarkable finding is a ring of stone in which the 'Ourobouros' (a mythical snake or dragon biting its own tail) symbol can be found. The open space inside this ring of stone has the recognizable shape of the head of a monkey. The relation between this outline and the outline of the famous monkey-head in the Nasca-Palpa dessert is remarkable.
The Gobleki Tepe spiders, depicted in stone, show some resemblance with the famous Nasca spider. Compairing the large geoglyphs of Nasca with the animals which can be found in Gobleki Tepe made me wonder if these animals might be considered some of the many metaphors of Halley's Comet. The used metaphors on both sides of the Pacific Ocean, reflecting knowledge on the behaviour of Halley's Comet, seem partly to be the same...
Nasca - The Sad Place
The evidence of that Irish priests-astronomers, which seem to have visited this spot for several times, can be related to the site of Nasca might show from:
- the placename 'Nasca', or 'Nanasca' which appears on ancient maps is not Quecha and is according legends from foreign origin. I have found two possible relations from the Old world. The first one in Spanish for 'Nasca', from the verb 'Nacer' means 'to be born' or 'being born'. The second one might be related to the chain of islands that connects Nasca, where gold has been found, to the continent of Asia. 'Nia Nasc ', Celtic from origin can be translated as 'golden chain' or 'chain of gold'. These words might have been transformed to NaNasc or Nanasca:
"...from this point he (Prince Inca Roca) he went down to the seacoast across what the Spaniards call the llanos, and reached the first valley in that direction, called Nanasca. It means 'sad' or 'afficted', but no one knows why the name was given - probably not by chance, but on account of some visitation or plague. The Spaniards call it Lanasca. Here too the Inca was received in great peace and readily obeyed" (3)
The legend of the landing of the Giants near Puerto Viejo recorded by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (3) who begot this account from the Spanisch Chronicler Pedro Cieza de León. These beardless Giants, all men with no women as the legend goes, constructed deep wells. According a legend the priests practised sodomy in the open and it is this practise that reminds me of phallic rites of Ireland. Also the double spiralshapes found in Newgrange, Ireland (see my article on Newgrange.com) and the spirals in the Nasca-Palpa dessert seem to be related. We can find spiral-shaped wells named in the account of de la Vega near Nasca. Today they are called 'Puquois' ('eyes').
Giuseppe Orefice
The Italian archaeologist Giuseppe Orefici conducted excavations in Cahuachi, the ancient ritual centre near the Nasca lines. His conclusions are very important and matches the acount that can be found in the Royal Commentaries of the Incas: The Cahuachi-Nasca society of priestst ended with disasters.
Giuseppi Orefici: (Source)
"What happened at Cahuachi? Between 300 and 350 A.D. there were two natural disasters. A great, very powerful flood - we have found the evidence in all the excavations - and an earthquake, an earthquake which split the temples in two. We have also found dead bodies under the fallen walls. That's when the Nasca religion seemed to lose its power, at least some gods or the ceremonial centre itself lost power and that's when the place was abandoned. But before they left, since everything was ceremonial, everything was ritual, everything had religious significance for the Nasca, they completely sealed all the monuments. If we examine the higher levels we can see that a crust of clay has been deliberately applied on top of a man-made layer. They left behind a sacred place, called a 'Huaca'. Absolutely everything where we are standing has been covered by men themselves."
The account in the Royal Commentaries of the Incas does not mention a flood or earthquake but refers to a 'fearful sword from heaven' probably a reference to a comet or a meteor that killed the descendants of the Giants.
Halley's Comet returned in 295 AD and 374 AD. Both apparitions might not be (directly) related to the destruction of the Cahuachi community although the sighting of comets where often considered to be precursors of plagues and natural disasters. Could it have been a meteor that caused a kind of flood? Well maybe but I don't think so.
My guess is, because Nasca is on a tectonic plate (the Nazca Plate), a tsunami caused by an earthquake might have ended the Cahuachi-society although this tsunami is not (yet) listed in the Historic tsunami-list. It might turn out that Cahuachi and the famous Nasca-lines, have been so intensily related to 'Holy' apparitions of Halley's Comet that the stories related to these priests have been told ever since with the increase of mis-interpretations. They where, as the legend goes 'killed by the comet' but they studied it and they probably made sacrifices to it when it returned so the servants of the King could join the King of Heaven in His afterlife. The relation between human sacrifices and the apparition of comet(s) such as Halley's Comet has, unfortunately, not been scientifically explored very well...
I have no doubt: from very early times, many, many thousands of years before Christ, humans discovered the periodicity of Halley's Comet and they were able, thanks to the exceptional favourable circumstances of the Nasca-Palpa dessert, to connect the next apparition of Halley's Comet with the (close) parallel heliacal rise of the planets Venus and Jupiter. These two celestial objects always rise together, as giant round eyes, like the eyes of an owl reflecting wisdom, within one year of Halley's Comet return. The crossing of the orbit of these planets take place in the days immediately preceding and after the parallel rising and can easily be observed by naked-eye. Its significance, the cross, the remarkable celestial eyes and the returning 'beard' star might have yielded the universal image and avatar of the (returning) bearded King of Heaven.
Again I have to refer to the famous Fuenta Magna bowl where a creature is depicted with two expressive eyes. The rising celestial eyes that could be seen before sunrise can also be found on the monoliths of Tiwanaku indicating that this site might have been constructed to memorize past returns of Halley's Comet and await new returns until something happened that caused the downfall of this famous UNESCO-protected site.
Phoenix..
It seems to me that the Nasca-Palpa area might be considered one of the holiest places on earth. It might be the place where the orbital period of our planets was calculated by ancient priest-astronomers, far far earlier than is commonly believed and accepted. The orbital period of Saturn and Jupiter where already known, for sure, in 2674 BC when an exceptional conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn could be seen in relation with the year of the return of Halley's Comet (Halley's Comet could be seen on perihelion passage when it reached its highest point in its orbit on April 18). This ancient knowledge was certainly available in megalithic Ireland but the very early temple site of Gobleki Tepe shows basically the same event (4): 'a flying creature (in Gobleki Tepe a young bird) reaching its highest point in its orbit around the sun' which seems to be a good metaphor for the sun-orbiting comet.
We have to consider the possibility that our ancestors saw the bright sun as a (metaphorical) cosmic egg that releaved the young bird and made it fly away. Before it could fly away its mother must have laid the egg... In origin: this is the story of the Phoenix, the fire-bird, and we might consider the 'Phoenicians', who settled in Lebanon, being the first 'Keepers of the Faith'. So the origin of the Phoenix-story might be Gobleki Tepe... But might some geoglyphs of white birds in the Nasca-Palpa dessert even be older?
Because many animals, metaphors of Halley's Comet, rendered as giant geoglyphs in Nasca, can be found on the 'First Temple' of Gobleki Tepe as well, might show a very early relation between both sites.
The Sfinx in the Regional Museum of Ica
(See two photographs in the photogalery)
Ofcourse we all know the famous Egyptian Sphinx. I have found that the Masterplan of the Giza pyramids might have been based on an exceptional triad. But I discovered in the Regional Museum in Ica an earthware Sphinx with the body of a jaguar or Puma. I have always wondered why the starconstellation of Leo has been associated with a feline. And here we might observe the reason: the eyes of a cat illuminate and resemble the close parallel heliacal rising of two planets at sunrise.
Now, when Halley's Comet returned, we can observe that, within a period of a year but often several months, Jupiter and Venus have a heliacal rise. This fact is easy checkable using astronomy software and the the table of perihelion passages of Halley's Comet published by Joseph L. Brady in 1982.
This artefact is absolutely unique for it tells us that there is a close relation between the constellation of Leo (Jaguar), the heliacal rising eyes of Jupiter en Venus and the return of Halley's Comet.
We can notice 4 rectangular symbols on its body with a dot in it. I wouldn't be surprised that these four dots represent a close conjunction of 4 planets (or three planets and Regulus) in the period Halley's Comet could be observed. A conjunction like this during perihelion passage of Halley's Comet occured on June 10 1971 BC. The position of Regulus is exceptional for it is close to planet Mars in a Saturn-Jupiter-Mars conjunction. The arrangment seems to be even more unique than the triad of april 18 2647 BC! Appearantly the knowledge of using triads when Halley's Comet returned was known in the Old world but also in the New World!
!
This is what the ancient astronomers seem to have been doing on Halley's Comet return: looking for a relation between the orbit of the known planets and Halley's Comet return.
The origin of this 'Sphinx' artefact is (museumtext) : "The Poroma Kingdom developed in the Rio Grande drainage of Nasca..."
Tradition and knowledge
Knowledge of the return of Halley's Comet and the position of Jupiter in the constellation of Leo on every third return of the comet can be noticed on another pre-Inca site. On top of El Fuerte de Samaipata, todays Bolivia, three holes, very close to each other and in the arrangment of the three stars of Orion's Belt, might refer to the unique date of April 18 2647 BC. On this date Halley's Comet reached its highest position in the sky (it had its perihelion passage) and Regulus, Jupiter and Saturn where close to each other in the constellation of Leo: Three Kings and a moving tailed star in the same arrangment as the stars in Orion's Belt. It is this event that, in my opinion, inspired priest-astronomers to construct the famous pyramids in the Giza Necropolis and the Sphinx in Egypt. At sunset on this particular day one could watch the Three Kings following a tailstar. This must sound familiar... and it also connects the mysterious Egyptian pyramids and Sphinx to a very special astronomical event that must have been foreseen in the more remote past: a conjunction of Regulus, Jupiter and Saturn in Leo in the year of Halley's Comet return.
This event was also known in South America. I come to this conclusion because the direction of El Cascabel, two parallel lines that point to a certain place on the horizon (azimuth 71°), seem to mark the parallel rise of Venus and Jupiter in august 1066 AD. This year is a year of Halley's Comet return which has been memorized on the famous Bayeux Tapistry also. Another example of Halley's Comet being related to Heavenly Kingdomship and the belief in immortality of the soul can be found on Cyprus. On the ceiling above the maingate of the very, very wealthy Kykkos monastery, a celestial object can be seen with three tails flying through the sky at nighttime and at daytime. This flying object can hardly be something else than Halley's Comet which seems reasonable to assume because the monastery was constructed shortly after the apparition of Halley's Comet of 1066 AD. Halley's Comet can be seen on the same day almost everywhere on the world for it is in the vicinity of the sun.
On El Fuerte one image of a feline is very remarkable. It depicts probably a jaguar but its tail ends in a snakehead and it has been carved in the position of the Egyptian Sphinx. There is a small depression in the rock underneath the image, maybe a representation of planet Jupiter, which might have been practically used to pour Chicha (Maisbeer) in and make a tribute to Mamacocha (Mother Earth). Near the sacred mountain of El Fuerte the remains of a Kallanka has been found by archaelogist Albert Meyers (University of Bonn) but when I saw it for the first time it looked like the foundations of a church to me. The importance of Halley's Comet for the creators of El Fuerte de Samaipata, now an UNESCO monument, seems obvious.
Although Cahuachi and the Nasca-lines are considered not being older than 200 BC I have my doubts. My guess is people where, after the discovery of the potential of this site and after discovering the relation between the orbit of the planets and the apparition of Halley's Comet, where interested in re-locating it. So when the secret of the relation between the apparition of the returning comet (the snake biting its own tail) and the orbit of the planets was discovered this ancient knowledge reached the Old World. The earliest priests-astronomers of Gobleki tepe constructed their temples based on knowledge, using metaphors, which seemed to be obtained from observations in Nasca.
In a time that the waterlevel must have been about 200 meters lower than the present level (during the last Ice-age) they somehow seem to have managed to reach the continent from Asia to South America using the many islands (which must have been much larger than at present). In the Cahuachi area they probably where able to calculate the orbital period of planets by drawing lines and counting days.
Conclusion
Because of the religious and astronomical relation between Ireland, Cyprus, Egypt and Anatolia (Gobleki Tepe) I must conclude that before 2647 BC one religion, based on apparitions of Halley's Comet, existed in the whole of Europe, North Africa, South America and Asia minor. It is a religion based on the periodicity of Halley's Comet and this religion flourished and continued because priest-astronomers had the ability to predict its next return.
In Nasca one of the geoglyphs, a large bird, is known as the messenger of Inti Raymi, the Festival of the Sun. Maria Reiche discovered that, standing on the bird's head the end of the bill seem to mark the point of sunrise on 20 to 23 june. This bird might therefore been related, when we take the known perihelion passages between 2647 BC and 1986 AD, to the apparition of Halley's Comet in the years: 1445 BC (June 21) or 164 BC (June 22). Is this the way we should look at the ancient geoglyphs and Nasca lines?
References:
(1) Clarkson, Persis Banvard, The Archaeology and Geoglyphs of Nazca, Peru (a thesis), Univesity of Calgary, Alberta, 1985
(2) Smidt, Klaus. Sie bauten den ersten Tempel. Das rätselhafte Heiligtum der Steinzeitjäger. Verlag C.H. Beck, München. Erweiterte end aktualisierte Auflage 2007. ISBN 978 3 406 53500 0
(3) De la Vega, Garcilaso, El Inca. Royal Commentaries of the Incas. And General History of Peru. Part One (1609). University of Texas Press. 1966 p. 177.
(4) See the image of the flying young birds orbiting the sun on the frontcover of (2).
Recommendations:
In the past attempts have been made to solve the astronomical puzzle that can be found in Nasca. To my opinion the Nasca lines are related to apparitions of Halley's Comet and some of the Nasca lines, starting from ray-centres, might point in the direction of fixed (decan) stars, at sunrise and/or sunset, or planets, on a day of the perihelion passage of this comet. There happened to be one day in the orbit of Halley;s Comet around the sun when this comet reached its highest position and must have been clearly visible. By luck this is also the day of perihelion passage and the days of perihelion passage between 1986 AD and 2647 BC have been calculated by the astronomer Joseph L. Brady.
So in my opinion, when some of the Nasca lines have been made in this period, one should look at the position of the planets and the stars on the days of perihelion passages calculated by Joseph L. Brady. If the relation between the Nasca-Palpa ray-centres and the position of decanstars cannot be established than we must consider the possibility that some of the raycentres might be related to the period of Gobleki Tepe. Sorry, but the Nasca lines not being related to the apparition of Halley's Comet is, not the question because they are. Solving the Nasca-Palpa puzzle can only be achieved by compairing the days of perihelion passages of our brightest periodic comet with the position of heavenly bodies.
There seem to have been (at least) two important astronomical events that might have been used to predict of the year of Halley's Comet return:
1. The orbits of Venus and Jupiter cross within one year of the comet's return and might have had a warning significance. On one particular day the rose (more or less) parallel on the horizon, very close to each other. On some occasions the warning 'eyes' where hidden by the rising sun and on other occasions Venus 'covered'Jupiter which might have been related to the image of the 'fat lady' and the 'cyclope' (one-eyed);
2. On every third return of the comet Jupiter could be found in the constellation of Leo (which seem to have had a equivalent in 'Jaguar' in Peru/Mexico). It was easy to count the years and predicting the return of the comet. When the orbital period of Saturn was known as well it could be easily predicted in which year Jupiter and Saturn, at the time of Halley's Comet return, would be in Leo, near the fixed star of Regulus. Well, some persons did their homework very well, made some calculations, and constructed, after some try-outs, three stone pyramids in Egypt, to memorate this unique moment in the History of Mankind. The three pyramids of Giza are set to the date of April 18, 2647 BC. The day of perihelion passage of Halley's Comet has been accurately calculated by Joseph L. Brady. The relation between the position of the three pyramids, related to the position of Saturn (Khufu), Jupiter (Khafre) and Regulus (Menkaura) at sunset on this particular day, has been, for the first time, noticed by me using Starry Night Pro-software. The position of these three heavenly bodies do match (roughly) the position of the stars in Orion's Belt.
If there is indeed a 10.500 BC relation (as some authors like Robert Bauval and Graham Hancock do believe) between the construction of the famous pyramids and the birth of religion, this relation points directly to the Gobleki Tepe area and Nasca. At the same time, we might not exclude the role of the 'Phoenicians' and the priest-astronomers of Ireland. The latter seem to have received their astronomical knowledge on Halley's Comet from Gobleki Tepe and seem to have used it in the planning of the Irish megalithic temples. There seems to be evidence that the Pre-Hittites and the Irish Phoenicians, who seem to have arrived a bit later on the Egyptian scene founding the city of Memphis are involved, and probably united, in the construction of the famous pyramids.
Further reading:
On the possible relations between the Old and New World:
Wuthenau, Alexander von, Pre-Columbian Terracottas, English translation by Methuen & Co. Ltd. 1969. This book shows terracottas that can be related to the old world of which the oldest can be found in Valdivia (Ecuador). He mentions the (uncalibrated) C14 dates of 2393-2093 BC for the site of Valdivia which might, after calibration, even be older.
On the possible relation between the Nasca lines and astronomy: (No relations with Halley's Comet have been suggested)
Aveni, Anthony F.Nasca. Eighth Wonder of the World? British Museum Press. 2000. ISBN 0-7141-2551
Hadingham, Evan. Lines to the Mountain Gods. Nazca and the Mysteries of Peru. New York, 1987; Norman, 1988. ISBN 0-8061-2130-0
Reiche, Maria. Contribuciones a la Geometría Y Astronomía en el Antiguo Perú. Lima, mayo de 1993. ISBN 84-89034-04-4
On the possible astronomical relation between Izapa (Olmec) and Nasca:
Malmström, Vincent H., Izapa, Birthplace of Time. Dartmouth College. The settlers of Izapa might have had a relation with Nasca- Peru because of the simple fact that Izapa is located 14.8 degrees North (latitude 14.8 º N) of the equator and Nasca is located 14.8 South (latitude 14.8 º S) of the equator. Now this might be a coincidence but the founders of Izapa, the mysterious Olmecs, seem to have arrived on the southern Mexican coast, coming from the east, with astronomical knowledge.
On the Nasca Puquios
Proulx, Donald A. Nasca Puquios and Aqueducts. There seems to be no concenses on the age of these Puquios at the time of his publication.
