Great Pyramid - Egypt
There is a remarkable story about Napoleon visiting the Great Pyramid that might reveal the purpose of the King's Chamber in the Great pyramid:
"There is an interesting note to this story about Napoleon on his visit to the great pyramid. He asked to be left alone in the King’s chamber. When he emerged, it was reported that he looked visibly shaken. When an aide asked him if he had witnessed anything mysterious, he replied that he had no comment, and that he never wanted the incident mentioned again. Years later, when he was on his deathbed, a close friend asked him what really happened in the King’s chamber. He was about to tell him and stopped. Then he shook his head and said, "No, what's the use. You'd never believe me." As far as we know, he never told anyone and took the secret to his grave. (It is interesting to note that there is an unsubstantiated story that Napoleon had hinted that he was given some vision of his destiny during his stay in the King's Chamber)." (Source)
What experience did Napoleon have when he was alone in the darkness of the King´s Chamber? An unexpected incident occured that was to absurd to talk about.
The answer to this question might be: he saw Sunlight.
Napoleon probably experienced the sunlight entering the King's Chamber falling in the Southern shaft and penetrating the King's Chamber from the narrow opening in the northern King's Chamber wall. On midday, twice a year, when the sun reaches the hightest point (or meridian transit) in its path from east to west, sunlight may fall in the Southern shaft when the angle of the sunrays do agree with the angle of the mysterious Southern shaft.
The nature and the function of the Southern shaft was still unknown, although the entrance of the shaft might well have been noticed by earlier visitors, when Napoleon visited the Great Pyramid in the early years of the 1800's. It is unknown of the engineers of Napoleon cleared the Southern shaft before Napoleon stayed in the King's Room but I think it makes sence they did. (Clearing for instance 10 meters of shaft from sand will produce only about 0.25 m3 sand that can easiliy have been removed)
The Southern shaft in the King's Room was (re)cleared(?) by Colonel Howard Vyse in 1837. When he opened the shaft a breeze of fresh air immediately entered the room. (Source)
The Southern shaft of the King's room has been fully investigated by Rudolph Gantenbrink and his Uphuaut Project. The Southern shaft has, according the research of Gantenbrink, mainly an angle of 45 degrees. This angle indicates that the sunlight will enter the Great Pyramid nowadays on october 31 or november 1 (2008) and in the age of the piramid construction on November 17/18 or, for the sun reaches the same position on the transit twice a year, also on March 20/21.
Flinders Petrie
When Flinders Petrie, one of the greatest Egyptologists, examined the Great Pyramid he noticed the sunlight fell into the southern shaft on november 2 and so we can notice the problems the constructor-architects must have faced: over a long period of time the date of November 17/18 is not fixed. In the period between the examination of the Great Pyramid by Flinders Petrie and today there is already a difference of one day! Flinders writes:
"The S. channel is blocked by sand at 76 feet down. It is not straight in the clear length, curving more than its own width to the east; and the sides often shift a few tenths of an inch in passing from one stone to another. These details were seen by examining it with a telescope on Feb. 8, and by photo–graphing it on Nov 2, 1881; these being the days on which the sun shines down it at noon. Its width at the top is 8.35 and 8.65, and its height 8.7 to 8.9."
His testomony confirms the shaft is blocked again, 44 years after Colonel Howard Vyse cleaned the shaft . So in the period between the visit of Napoleon and Colonel Howard Vyse (about 35 years) the same might have happened too. I suppose sandstorms might be held responsible for the blocking of the shafts every now and then and the sand can easily be removed from the shaft by hand because it will fall down like sand in a sand-glass.
The meridian passage of the sun
An observer facing due south will notice, the climbing of the sun through the year, until the longest day in the year. On this day in June it reaches its highest point at noon. Ofcourse in December it will, likewise, will pass the lowest point crossing the southern meridian. The sun moving up and down the southern meridian has been used by the priest-astronomers in Egypt to mark a special day. On this special day sunlight might have entered the Great Pyramid.
Similar experience
The great occultist, Aleister Crowley in company with his wife Rose reported a strange event that occurred when he and his wife stayed a night inside the King's Room of the Great Pyramid in 1904. He mentioned this event in his autobiography:
"The King's Chamber was aglow as if with the brightest tropical moonlight. The pitiful dirty yellow flame of the candle was like a blasphemy, and I put it out. The astral light remained during the whole of the invocation and for some time afterwards, though it lessened in intensity as we composed ourselves to sleep. For the rest, the floor of the King's Chamber is particularly uncompromising. In sleeping out on rocks, one can always accommodate oneself more or less to the local irregularities, but the King's Chamber reminded me of Brand; and I must confess to having passed a very uncomfortable night. I fear me dalliance had corrupted my Roman virtue. In the morning the astral light had completely disappeared and the only sound was the flitting of the bats."
His experience can be explained in the same manner by falling light into the Southern shaft which had been opened approximately 70 years earlier. They must have observed the transit of the (almost) full moon in front of the opening of the Southern shaft.
Due to the 45 degrees angle of the Southern shaft Aleister Crowley and his wife probably stayed in the King's Chamber on one of the following days:
- May 1 1904 AD (Moon waning gibbous, 15.84 days old, transit between 1.44-1.55. Eleven minutes of 'astral' light)
- July 28 1904 AD (Full moon, 15.25 days old, transit between 1.17-1.28. Twelve minutes of 'astral' light)
- September 20, 1904 AD (Moon waning gibbous, 10.32 days old, transit between 21.11-21.20. Nine minutes of 'astral' light.
I obtained these dates using astronomy software (Starry Night Pro 6.0).
One might wonder if it is possible to watch the sun or moon passing by looking inside the Southern Shaft from the King's Chamber. It is not possible because the Southern shaft is bent and enters the King's Room horizontally. Light will have no problem entering the room because of reflection.
The King's Chamber is not a tomb for King Khufu
In the 5th century BC, the Greek historian Herodotus in Book II of his Histories wrote that Cheops never used the Great pyramid as a tomb, but that the King was buried elsewhere, "in a subterranean region on an island surrounded by the waters of the Nile". His story was also confirmed by another ancient historian, Diodorus Siculus, who said that Cheops was buried "in an obscure place". Whatever this obscure place might have been.
But if the Great Pyramid never never has been a tomb for king Cheops (Khufu) what might have been the function of the King's Chamber?
What ruled Egypt?
The answer to the last question is probably: The King's Chamber served a religious and astronomical purpose in which a sacred event must have taken place to secure fertility and prosperity for the inhabitants in the Memphis region. This sacred event involved Bull sacrifice. The pyramid itself might not only have been a temple in which the actual sacrifice took place but embodies also the concept of time and heavenly kingsomship. The Great Pyramid can be identified with the position of the planet Saturn in the conjunction of Regulus (in the constellation of Leo), Jupiter and Saturn that could be seen at sunset, almost in the zenit, at the perihelion passage of Halley's Comet on april 18 2647 BC. Saturn, in mythology, is strongly associated with agriculture and harvest.
It is a fact that the Italian adventurer and explorer Giovanni Battista Belzoni found the remains of a (sacrificed) bull inside the sarcophagus in the King's Chamber. It was a remarkable and totally unexpected find and it shows that the Great Pyramid served a religious purpose and has not been constructed to accomodate the body of an earthly ruler. Asking the right questions might produce the right answer: who or what ruled Egypt?
There are some remarkable facts that suggest that there where no earthly Kings at all at least in the 4th and 5th dynasties, the Pyramid Age:
- No mummies of earthly kings have been found at all.
- If a sarcophagus of a ruler was found, even when the sarcophagus was sealed, which occured twice, there was no body inside the sarcophagus.
- No palaces of the 4th and 5th dynasties earthly rulers have been found at all.
If there is no proof of all of an earthly ruler during the so-called Pyramid age than we must face the truth: there probably were no earthly kings ruling Egypt. We must consider the possibility that priest-astronomers ruled lower-Egypt and that the so called Egyptian Kings might have ruled upper-Egypt (heaven). It is however commonly accepted by egyptologists that Upper Egypt is the part of Egypt that is upstream the Nile river and lower-Egypt is the downstream part of Egypt. But the area that is related to the word Egypt is the area around Memphis, the old capital in the time the Giza pyramids were constructed.
The Bull, the sunray, the soul,the southern shaft,the Kings Chamber and the Pyramid might be elements of a religious concept
There is an interesting part in the book 'The Lost Pharaohs, written by Leonard Cottrell, published in 1951 on p. 94:
"Then at an undetermined period, possibly between the Second and Third Dynasties, a different conception gained ground, of an after-life with the sun-god. The Pyramid Texts, the earliest religious documents known in Egypt, contain the text, "A staircase to heaven is laid for him so that he may climb to heaven thereby". It is tempting to believe the step pyramid represented this heavenly staircase."
But in religion, this staircase to heaven, is called 'Jacobs Ladder' which seem to be rays of sunlight. So the concept of a sunray falling inside the Great Pyramid might be the real 'staircase to heaven' as ofcourse the Pyramid is in a way related to the death of Kings.
Leonard Cottrell continues on p. 95/96:
"Professor Breasted stated that the true pyramid was nothing more than a large scale reproduction of the sacred symbol of the sun-god which was kept in the 'holy of holies' in Heliopolis. "Why asks Edwards, "was it chosen?" By way of answer he describes the appearance of the sun's rays as they shine down through a gap in the clouds. "When standing on the road to Sakkara and gazing westwards..."he writes, "...it is possible to see the sun's rays striking downward...at about the same angle as the slope of the Great Pyramid."
Now we return again to the Pyramid Texts. Here is no 523:
"Heaven hath strenghtened for thee the rays of the sun in order that thou mayest lift thyself to heaven as the eye of Re"
Was this then, the purpose of the true pyramid, to be a material representation of the sun rays?"
Edwards also cites philological evidence to support this theory. For instance the Egyptian name for pyramid was M(e)r. If it could be proved that this word was a compound word consisting of the prefix M which conveys the meaning "place"and a known root composed of the two consonants r which means to 'ascend' m/e/r would then mean "Place of Ascension'. But there is no positive proof of this derivation."
And yes, not only the angle of the Southern Shaft might represent a special date, also the angle of the slope of the Great Pyramid might represent a special date. And by comparing these two special dates we might find a number of days between these two events.
Finding the date relating to the slope of the Great Pyramid
by having the power of predicting the year the King of Heaven would be seen in the vicinity of the sun. And when it was seen at sunrise in the east and/or at sunset in the west the priests
Jupiter, Leo and the Bull
The Greek not only adapted the Apis-worship; they also transformed the Bull into the entity of Serapis. The reason for this is that they wanted to transform the Bull's Cult into a Person Cult: they transformed the horned Bull into a (sometimes portayed) horned and bearded person. A couple of hundred years before the birth of Christ some tragic accident happened to religion, especially to the priest-astronomers who where able to predict the return of the comet, that might explain the change from a religion based on the returning comet towards Christianity. Actually it is very simple.
On every third appearance of Comet Halley the planet Jupiter can be found in the constellation of Leo. If the comet had returned in 2647 BC, which it did, than the third apparition of Comet Halley would be, they figured out, after 19 returns of Jupiter= 19 *11.86 years= 225.34 years. It takes Jupiter 11.86 years, almost twelve years, to orbit the sun. By dividing the Zodiac in twelve constellations they watched Jupiter each year moving into the next Zodiac constellation. We might assume that ancient astronomers, each time Comet Halley was seen closest to the sun, observed and recorded the position of Jupiter and its background constellation.
For many millenia the relation between Jupiter and Leo was very close. Jupiter became one of the supreme gods and was worshipped in many temples in and around the Mediterranean but often in relation with the Lion and a horned animal (goat or bull). Comet Halley might have looked horned when the denser outer parts of the ion- or plasmatail (a comet usually has two different tails) probably lightened up more by the sun than the diffuse central part of ion- or plasmatail.
When the comet returned in 164 BC and had its perihelion passage close to the summersolstice (June 22), Jupiter was, for the first time in thousands of years, not in the constellation of Leo. The correlation of Jupiter, Leo and Comet Halley obviously was disturbed and the return of the comet could not be predicted with accuracy any longer. This might be the reason that the image of the Bull, associated with the horned comet, slightly changed into the image of Christ and Christianity. By seperating the date for the birth of Christ and the year of the return of Halley's Comet the Christians managed to distract the attention on this astronomical phenomenon. The Bull, although in another meaning, is still used as a metaphor of power, in for instance the Papal Bull and the Golden Bull.
Horned comets and other metaphors
The Greek were aware of the fact that comets sometimes have an appearance that can be related to a horn or horns. They called this horned comets ceratias. We can find some of the other metaphors of comets in the work of the Roman author Pliny the Elder. Besides the metaphor of 'horn(star)' Plinius also mentions crinitae (hairstars), pogoiae (beardstars), acontiae (spearstars), xiphiae (Swordstars), discaeus (shieldstars), pitheus (barrelstars), lampatias (torchstars), hippeus (horsestar). Plinius also mentions Egypt in his story:
"An ominous comet has been observed by the people of Aethiopie and Egypt, of which the King of that time, Typhon, has given its name, having a fiery appearance and twisted as a coil, with a fearfull appearance as well, not like a star but more like a knot on fire".
In this text he shows the relation between comets and Kings. He shows religion in Egypt is based on metaphors and that the names of Kings and comets are, in fact the same. In other words, and this is a very remarkable and revealing statement: Kings and appearances of comets are the same. Plinius decribes the apparition of a rotating comet with the looks of a heavenly snake in motion. A horned flying snake probably. We must find the ancient metaphors of Comet Halley and we must think like the Egyptians so we are able to reconstruct history. The horns certainly are related to the horned appearance of Comet Halley. The winged snake, flying in the air, is another easy recognisable metaphor of the appearance of Comet Halley. In Egypt this special event is related to Uraeus: the snake spitting fire at enemies. Here is an account of Herodotus:
"I went once to a certain place in Arabia, almost exactly opposite the city of Buto, to make inquiries concerning the winged serpents. (...). The story goes that with the spring the winged snakes come flying from Arabia (from the East towards Egypt, but are met in this gorge by the birds called Ibises, who forbid their entrance and destroy them all. The Arabians assert, and the Egyptians also admit, that it is on account of the service th" (end of chapter)
Ofcourse Ibises cannot forbid entrance to winged, flying serpents in a gorge unless it has some hidden, religious meaning. This mystery language is related to religious beliefs of the Egyptians that have been found in the Great pyramid but unfortunatly have stayed unrecognized by egyptologists. Springtime is related to the month April. It is on April 18 2647 BC that Comet Halley could be seen closest to the sun in 2647 BC: the day that is heavenly related to the general layout of the pyramids on the Giza plateau.
Herodotus confirms my theory on the relation between the (predictable postition of planet) Jupiter and (the return of) Comet Halley (metaphor: (horned) Snake/serpent) in the following text:
"In the neighbourhood of
The apparition of Comet Halley is related to Kingworship, the ceremonies of sacrificing the (horned) Bull and the sunlight penetrating the Great Pyramid, and the metaphor of the flying (horned) snake coming from the east.
Iron from heaven
An iron plate has been found inside the Great Pyramid. This iron plate, from meteoric origin, proofs, is in the perception of the ancient Egyptians, that heaven was made of iron. Iron is also related to the Throne of the King as we can read in the History of Egypt, by E.A. Wallis Budge, 1968:
'Iron was certainly known to the Egyptians as early as the Vth Dynasty, and from the fact that iron plays a great part in ancient Egyptian myths, it is probable that it was known by them at a far earlier period. Thus the firmament of heaven is described as a rectangular iron plate, each corner of which was supported by a pillar, and the throne of the supreme god is made of iron ornamented with the faces of lions and with feet in the form of the hoofs of bulls. It is perhaps hardly necessary to state that "baa', can mean nothing else but "iron"for the form "baa en-pet" i.e., baa of heaven, " is the original of the Coptic benipe "iron"; "baa en-pet," then, means meteoric iron.
The angle of the Great Pyramid
With the angle of the Southern Shaft in mind we might wonder if the angle of the Great pyramid itself might mark a special day. There is a difference in the angles of the pyramids on the Giza Plateau that might be explained by the height of the transit of the sun, marking a special day, related to the apparition of Halley's Comet.
My idea was that the difference between the angle of the Great Pyramid and the angle of the Southern shaft might express the days between the imaginary ascending of the Throne by the King of Heaven (the dusttail of the comet can be seen upright above the rising sun) and His death (the day of the last visibility). The time between these two dates, in days, would express the period of Divine Rulership of the King of Heaven when everybody could watch His shining horned appearance at sunrise and/or sunset.
Than the question is: on which days in the year do the rays of the sun make an angle of 51˚50'40'' about 51˚5, the angle of the slope of the Great Pyramid (1)?
I used Starry Night Pro software to obtain the dates and here is the result:
| October 30, 2497 BC | 52˚2.105' |
| October 31, 2497 BC | 51˚38.639' |
| November 1, 2497 BC | 51˚15.293' |
| March 21, 2496 BC | 51˚19.577' |
| March 22, 2496 BC | 51˚41.536' |
| March 23, 2496 BC | 52˚3.593' |
So we might conclude that the angles of the Great Pyramid point to, either at October 31/November 1 or at March 22,
The angle of the Southern Shaft point to the dates of the transit of the Sun on November 18 (autumn) and March 3 (spring). So we might expect, the pyramid is pointing to a timeperiod of about 17/19 days.
Perihelion dates of Comet Halley calculated by Joseph L. Brady
Astronomer Joseph L. Brady published in the year 1982 the dates of perihelion passages of Comet Halley between 1986 AD and 2647 BC. In the 4th Dynasty, when King Khufu, held responsible for the construction of the Great Pyramid, three apparitions and perihelionpassages of Halley's Comet, could (possibly) have been observed:
| April 18, 2647 BC |
| June 25, 2572 BC |
| November 1, 2497 BC |
Comparing the perihelion passages with the angle of the Southern shaft of the King's Chamber and the angle of the slope of the Great Pyramid draws our attention to the perihelion passage of 2497 BC.
On november 1, 2497 BC, Comet Halley is close to the sun. The period between the perihelion passage of the comet (Ascending the Iron Throne) and the angle of the Southern shaft (The sacrifical death of the Bull/sun entering the tomb) is 17 days.
Inscriptions on the wall above the King's Chamber
On the wall of the top 'pressure relief chamber', for the first time explored by Vyse and Perring, above the King's Chamber, the only inscriptions of the whole Great Pyramid can be found. Besides the cartouche of Khufu (Cheops) the length of his reignal years have been found. (3)
"Since 2000, two dates have been discovered from his reign. An inscription containing his highest regnal year, the "Year of the 17th Count of Khufu", first mentioned by Flinders Petrie in an 1883 book and then lost to historians, was rediscovered by Zahi Hawass in 2001 in one of the relieving chambers within this king's pyramid. Secondly, in 2003, the "Year after the 13th cattle count" of Khufu was found on a rock inscription at the Dakhla Oasis in the Sahara." (Source)
The inscription can be interpreted as that Khufu was counted 17 times in His year by the Memphis priests. The number 17 might simply refer to the 17 days visibility of Halley's Comet in the year 2497 BC. This indicates that the change in the architecture of the Great Pyramid can not have taken place before the year 2497 BC. The second date has obviously been made one year after the appararition of Halley's Comet in 2497 BC. The difference in regnal days can be explained by the perception of Halley's Comet in different places. Due to atmospheric circumstances such as hazy or cloudy skies we might expect to find different periods of reign for the same King in different settlements. Long before Halley's Comet made its next appearance we might expect that priests 'invented' the name of the next King. The name of the next King might have been spread around in religious communities and, from different locations, the days of visibility of the ruler from heaven, was recorded.
Some parts of these recorded astronomical history have been found, written on black basalt, as black was the colour of heaven, the place where the comet came from. (KM.T or kemet> 'from the black'). These recordings are known by the names of 'King's Lists' such as the Royal Annals of the Palermo stone or the King's list of Manetho.
Posting on Graham Hancock's website on 0ctober 30 2008
"Hello Ogygos,
Thank you for posting these coordinates. I have observed the transit of the sun on South meridian again using Google earth coordinates:
East 31.08.02 and North 29.58.44
This is what I see on the screen: (using Starry Night Pro)
Oct 30 2008 AD
Sunrise: 6:07:57
Transit: 11:38:58 alt. 45 degr. 25.646' at azimuth 179 56.328'
Oct 31 2008 AD
Sunrise: 6:08:43
Transit: 11:38:56 alt. 45 degr. 6.788' at azimuth 179 56.572'
Nov 1 2008 AD
Sunrise: 6:09:28
Transit: 11:38:54 alt. 44 degr. 47.856' at azimuth 179 56.539'
Nov 2 2008 AD
Sunrise: 6:10:14
Transit: 11:38:53 alt. 44 degr. 29.159' at azimuth 179.56.531'
So YES, you are right, based on these coordinates october 31 is closest to the 45 degrees angle. So tomorrow at 11:39 sunlight might penetrate the King's Chamber. It might penetrate the King's chamber also the next day but if it will penetrate on November 2 is less certain as it was today.
Than with, the same coordinates for Khufu's pyramid I have looked again to the date of the perihelion passage of november 1 2497 BC of Halley's Comet (Joseph L. Brady, 1982) that might be involved of the construction of this pyramid. (Because of the Pyramid angle)'
Okt 30 2497 BC (two days before perihelion passage of HC)
Sunrise: 6:03:01
Transit: 11:50:02 alt 52 degr 1.383'at azimuth of 179.55.478'
Okt 31 2497 BC (one day before perihelion passage of HC)
Sunrise: 6:03:48
Transit: 11:49:53 alt 51 degr 37.918' at azimuth of 179.55.353'
Nov 1 2497 BC (perihelion passage Halley's Comet)
Sunrise: 6:04:36
Transit: 11:49:45 alt 51 degr 14.572' at azimuth of 179.55.535'
Nov 2 2497 BC
Sunrise: 6:05:23
Transit: 11:49:37 alt 50 degr 51.352' at azimuth of 179.55.524
The angel of the sun's rays of oktober 30 and 31 are close to the angle of the angle of the Pyramid construction: 51.50'40''. Even November 1 is pretty close. There is ofcourse the question how accurate they could construct the angle of the pyramid in relation to the rays of the sun on a particular day. I don't know.
Lets look on what day in 2497 BC the sun could penetrate the sunshaft leading to the King's chamber (angle 45.00 degrees)
Nov 16 2497 BC
Sunrise: 6:17:03
Transit: 11:48:49 alt 45 degr 43.636' at azimuth of 179.56.025
Nov 17 2497 BC
Sunrise: 6:17:54
Transit: 11:48:50 alt 45 degr 23.188' at azimuth of 179.55.984'
Nov 18 2497 BC
Sunrise: 6:18:47
Transit: 11:48:52 alt 45 degr 2.982' at azimuth of 179.56.060'
Nov 19 2497 BC
Sunrise: 6:19:39
Transit: 11:48:55 alt 44 degr. 43.025' at azimuth of 179.56.246'
So, conclusions:
- tomorrow, october 31 2008 the sunlight might enter the King's chamber (Southern shaft) because the angle of the sunlight and the sunshaft is almost the same: 45 degrees (Ogygos/Gilbert de Jong)
- on oct 30/31 2497 BC the angle of the sunrays are (almost) the angle of the Great Pyramid: 51.50'
- on nov 18 2497 BC the angle of the sunrays and the angle of the southern shaft are almost the same: 45 degrees.
Above the King's Chamber there has been found an inscription that reads:
"Year of the 17th Count of Khufu", first mentioned by Flinders Petrie in an 1883 book and then lost to historians, was rediscovered by Zahi Hawass in 2001" (wikipedia: Khufu)
When I count the days in the year 2497 BC between the date of oct 30/31 and nov 18 it will be either 17 or 18 days. (17th count of Khufu)
I think this seventeen days period matches the first visibility of the comet (near or on perihelion passage) and the last visibility of the comet 17 days later. The first one might be the conceptional 'throne ascension' of the King. The last date marks the 'death of the King'. Both metaphors of course.
So my conclusion is: the Great Pyramid is not a tomb for earthly rulers (no royal mummie has been found or any remains only an (Apis) bulls skin in the sarcophagus) but a tempel that is memorating the apparition of Halley's Comet in 2497 BC in the first weeks of november of this special year.
(Posting: here)
The King of Heaven is Halley's Comet
The Memphis priests not only watched the appearance of the King of Heaven; they also counted the days of His visibility. And when the priests saw the shining horned object, 'begetting radiance', and watched the King's powerful tail grow, and when the Bull's tail reached a vertical position one morning at sunrise, than they would say: the King of Heaven ascends the throne of Heaven for 'h' (the throne).
And then they counted the days of His visibility and by many days of visibility the priests would say: The King of Heaven lived very long. And by the next apparition of the Comet they would say that his son has inherited the throne and would rule lower-Egypt. And so long dynasties of Kings were observed from different locations, different nations, different cultures while, in fact, they all observed the same celestial astronomical event. So not only the kings of Egypt are related to each other; they are also related to the kings of Sumer, the Kings of Babylon, The Kings of ancient India, Turkish and Greek Kings, Irish and British Kings, Phoenician and Jewish Kings, Chinese emperors, Roman emperors, Mayan rulers, the Mixteken, the Azteken, Incan rulers, all the americain tribes, all the Polynesian Kings and the Japanese Kings, and almost, if not all, the ancient tribes, cultures share the same roots based on Comet Halley-Sun religion.
The indications are clear: the ancient priest-astronomers of Egypt left their legacy of the most remakable astronomical event in pyramid constructions: the King's Chamber show us the exact date of the imaginary death of the King of Heaven, the last day that Comet Halley could be seen by the naked eye, by permitting a beam of sunlight falling into the dark room and lighten up the sarcophagus and the remains of the horned be-headed (and probably be-tailed) sacrificed Bull. Apparitions of Comet Halley are, as we will see, are inbedded deeply into the roots of any pre-christian religion. In fact we are all children from a time manhood was impressed by the appearance of such a bright periodic comet.
The change of the Great pyramid construction
Ancient Egyptian religion seems to have leant 'heavenly' on the apparition of Comet Halley in 2497 BC. But the arrangment of the three Giza pyramids are almost certainly related to the apparition of the same comet on the perihelion passage of April 18 2647 BC, 150 years earlier, when a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn (in constellation of Leo and in the company of Regulus) could be seen at sunset almost in the zenit.
The Great pyramid is thus related to the position of planet Saturn, the god of harvest and fertility, the pyramid of Chafra is related to the position of planet Jupiter and the unfinished, not so perfect pyramid of Menkaura, is related to the lesser god, the star Regulus in the constellation of Leo.
It has been observed that, during the construction of the Great pyramid there obviously has been a change of plans. In the changing of the plans we can notice that not only the priests knew Comet Halley was periodic, but also that they found a way to let us know how long this astronomical event has been watched by let us counting the days between the angle of the Southern shaft and the angle of the slope of the Great pyramid.
Remarks
The names of the Pharaoh's often contain symbols with an pictographic astronomical meaning. Besides the phonetic meaning it often lseems the name of Pharaohs are based on metaphors or descriptions for Comet Halley.
It is commonly believed ancient Egyptian religion was based on many different gods but I think this might not be the case. Closer inspections of many Egyptian gods reveal many (possible) different metaphors of Comet Halley.
Strong metaphors that might be related to characteristic features of Comet Halley's, and many of these metaphors can be found on f.i. palettes, labels or inscriptions, in Egypt, such as:
- Tusk of an elephant (ivory) or hippopotamus also Dentalium shells which resemble the slightly curved form of horn(s) of a goat f.i. barbary goat palette, ram f.i ram palette, Berlin Prunken Palette 2, Louvre palette fragment, ibex f.i. two ibexes palette, Lion-Ibexes fragment, cow or Bull f.i 'horned star' Gerzeh palette, the Bull palette, Hartebeest f.i. hartebeest palette, Antelope f.i. antelope palette or the Brooklyn palette fragment, Oryx f.i. the Munchen Oryx fragment, the White Oryx palette.
- Also horns of other animals. A nice example of different types of horns can be seen on the palette of two dogs. a combination of (a human faced) King wearing horns can be seen on the upper part of theNarmer palette.
- Antler(s) . Especially of Red deer. Red is related to sunrise or sunset. (When parts of the comet breaks off the horns change into antlers)
- Hair. Especially long hair, manes, of a lion f.i. the battlefield-palette or a horse.
- Beard. Because the tail of Halley's Comet looked like a hairy beard (beardstar). The King (warriors) always have beards f.i. the battlefield-palette, the Narmer Palette. Sometimes the chin has been sharpened indicating a beard.
- Tail. Because the comet has a tail or many tails. The tail of a Scorpio f.i. the 'moving (tail) of a Scorpio' on the Abu Umuri-palette is probably related to the apparition of Halley's Comet. See f.i. scorpion-palette. Also the image of a snake biting its own tail might express the (known) periodicity of Halley's Comet. See f.i. the tailbiting snake on the 4dogs palette. The Bulls tail, expressing power, is a strong metaphor of Comet's Halley tail f.i. worn by the King of Heaven on the Narmer Palette.
- Hand. Because the comet resembled the form of a hand with the thumb up or the 'horns' of Halley's comet looked like hands with fingers when small particles of Halley's Comet let loose f.i. the hands palette, the Heluan-Ka palette.
- Long necked fantasy animals or giraffes like on the 4dogs-palette, on the palette of two dogs, on the Minshat Ezatt Palette, on the Berlin Prunken Palette.
- Snake. Because the sometimes coiled form, the upright end of the comet (Cobra) or the combination of head and tail, just like a snake.
- Corn. Because the tail of the comet looks like the ear of corn. Corn was considered holy in relation to making bread.
- Fish. Because the tail of the comet sometimes looks like fishbones f.i. fish-shaped-decorated-palette (also other metaphoric animals visible and the circular form of a snake biting its own tail expressing eternity?)
- Birds. Like the (sacred) Ibis f.i. the Ibis palette (with curved beaks like the tail of a comet) and Horus, the golden falcon. The ostrich because of its large white feathers of the structure of the feathered wings f.i. hippo-hunt palette., ostrich palette/manchester palette, Kilchberg palette.
- The leaf of a palmtree that has basically the same structure as a feather or the bones of a fish (or the tail of Halley's Comet). See f.i. Ahab19 fragment.
- The bird, probably because of the structure of the wings and feathers f.i the geese-palette (actually ostriches) a long neck, or a tail, or a crest.
- The scarab (Halley's Comet) pushing the sun as a ball of dung.
- Cat. Because the comet returned every third apparition in Leo.
- Crocodile. Because of the fearfull tail of the Nile monster.
- Goat. Because this animal has a beard and horns.
- Owl. Because of the round eyes. On every return of Halley's Comet within a year of the perihelion Jupiter and Venus rose parallel and close to each other. warning eyes that also can be found on many pyramidions and in the cartouche of Khufu.
- Flail. Because a comet sometimes seems to have had three tails (as a flail always has three tails)
- Blood. Because the comet sometimes had a red appearance.
- Sacrifice. So woman and children could serve the supreme god.
- Sacrificial knives, clubs f.i. the figure on rectangular palette with incised decoration or on the Narmer Palette carries a (ritual) club and a spear, atl-atl f.i. on the Narmer Palette, arrows or arrowpoints as in the Min-palette, spears, javellins, swords. Because of the form relating to the (different) shapes of Comet Halley's tail. Many metaphors can be seen as attributes of the warrior(king?) on the hunters palette anf this palette also shows different types of horns (even antlers), manes, arrows, feathers/wings, the circle expressing the snake biting its own tail and so on. A nice collection of metaphors!
- White or golden. Colors of the comets tail.
- Fire, burning or hot. Because the comet is associated with fire>sun.
- The stems of Giant Hogweed that can burn the skin. (related to Djoser)
- Eternity. For the comet keeps returning.
- Life. For the comet might have brought life.
- Djet-Pillar. The sun going up and down the southern meridian.
- Iron. Because meteorites contain iron.
- Fertility. Because of the idea of sacrificing the Bull to the cow of heaven.
Counting lines as in the Nebwy-palette ( 9 days of visibility> "the King ruled 9 years") might provide the days of visibility (by the maker) of Halley's Comet. Ancient astronomers probably also would have noticed (on different apparitions?) how many days Comet Halley stayed in one constellation (?)("houses") f.i. in the Tehenu palette.
Sources/references:
(1) Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids. 1997. Thames and Hudson. London. p. 17
(2) Brady, Joseph L. Halley's Comet: AD 1986 to 2647 BC. British Astronomical Association. Provided by NASA Astrophysics Data System
(3) Siliotti, Alberto. Guide to the Pyramids of Egypt. 1997. White Star. Italy (Dutch translation p. 51)
(4) Wallis Budge, E.A. A. Guide to the Egyptian Collections in the British Museum. 1909. London. (In the image-gallery I have used parts of this book especially from pages 93-96 about agriculture and cattle-breeding)
(5) Wallis Budge, E.A. Books on Egypt and Chaldaea. Egypt in the Neolithic and Archaic Periods. 1968 (reprint from the edition of 1902). London, England. Reprinted in Oosterhout the Netherlands. p.15> "god who is at the top of the staircase" , i.e. Osiris. (I believe the staircase can probably be identified with the Biblical Jacob's Ladder, and crepuscular sunray(s). The sunray related to the pyramid and the god Osiris might be identified by Halley's Comet near the sun.
